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| THIS IS A DIARY OF A BOARD WHERE THE STORY OF MY LIFE EVERY DAY IN THE COMPANY OF MY GOD FATHER |
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Faith and reason: that sun in the night The two inaugural speeches of the International Congress on God recently promoted by the CEI once again raised a crucial issue. Cardinal Ruini, and the philosopher Robert Spaemann have in fact pointed to the possibility of developing rational demonstration of the existence of God deciding to initiate the meeting with this speech is very important also to the Catholic world, for many believers fall into fideism that denies the contribution of philosophy to faith, considering it unnecessary or even harmful, and faith rests only on an inner feeling and the Bible. In fact, the ability of reason to come to God is already established by the Bible itself. A passage from the Letter to the Romans (I, 19-21), cited more than once at the conference: "What can be known of God is manifest to men [...]. In fact [...] its invisible may be covered with the intellect in the things that are made. " And the Letter of Peter (1 Peter, 3, 15) calls for the appointment even Christianity through reason, "Worship the Lord Christ in your hearts, always ready to answer whoever asks you the reason for the hope that is in you . Even on the basis of these steps the Church has often spoken about the possibility of affirming God with reason. For example, in the encyclical Fides et Ratio (§ 24, 36 and 53) where, in addition, John Paul II has criticized (at § 55) the "dangerous fall back on fideism, which does not recognize the importance of rational knowledge and discourse for the philosophical understanding of faith, indeed for the very possibility of belief in God. " But we could also mention many speeches of Benedict XVI. Similarly, Cardinal Bagnasco remarked at the conference that "unfortunately, [...] sentimentality and emotion [...] end up endorsing the popular view that religion and reason belong to two worlds, if not opposed, at least incommunicable." By contrast, the philosophy can make to the faith at least two valuable contributions. First, the philosophical proofs of the existence of God can be offered to those who are not already a Christian, the atheist may lead to believe the existence of God and may also bring non-Christians on the threshold of faith in the Christian God. In fact, Christians become significant both because they receive faith from God directly or by some person who also testifies, is also, at times, because they are convinced by the arguments. For example, s. Augustine was converted by a s. Ambrose and reading the speeches of the Neoplatonic philosophers, s. Edith Stein came to Christianity by reading s. Teresa and thanks to the philosophy of St. Thomas, and Janne Haaland Matlary - formerly deputy minister of Norway, who was an agnostic (and at times atheist) - came to Catholicism through his philosophy. Moreover, philosophy can also help those who are already faithful: even the greatest saints have experienced periods in which no inner feeling they confirmed the existence of God, as happened to Mother Teresa of Calcutta. It is the "night of the soul," to use the expression of s. John of the Cross. In such moments, the philosophy, which can prove the existence of God as well as some aspects of his nature (omnipotence, wisdom, providence, etc..) Can help us remain convinced that God exists, to recognize it even when it thickens dark. James Samek Lodovici | ||
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The Cross as a banner of culture and of victory, triumph of love over hate and evil, hope and faith on each despair and denial free or pessimistic; of universal brotherhood against regurgitation ethnic or nationalist or ideological always lurking and never completely defeated in all parts of the earth, the Cross, as the most universal human dimension, the no one can survive, let alone the heathen, let alone non-Christians, the Cross as a formidable weapon against any material poverty and especially spiritually. And here one can not help but remember by way of example, the words of the Communist and atheist Natalia Ginzburg, which although Communist and atheist, yet independently of faith in God that no longer had, was also an example of secular and educated clever. And what can we say, because despite its ideological limitations, but with the strength of one cultural tradition, proved to be able to read even the most intimate of our own culture (skills that should have all lay true, without degraded by secularists), so no doubt he could say in 1988: I am sorry that the crucifix to disappear for ever from all classes. It seems to me a loss. All or almost all people I know they say that should be removed. I am sorry that the Crucifix disappear. If I were a teacher, I want you in my class The crucifix was touched ... not generate any discrimination. Silent. And 'the image of the Christian revolution, which has scattered throughout the world the idea of equality between men hitherto absent ... The crucifix is a sign of human suffering. Crown of thorns, the nails, evoke his suffering ... It is part of world history ... Before Christ no one had ever said that men are equal and brothers all, rich and poor, believers and nonbelievers, Jews and non Jews and blacks and whites, and no one before him said that in the center of our existence, we must situate the solidarity between people ... It seems to me that the good guys, children, they know right from the desks of the school. Jesus Christ carried the cross. We all happened or happens to bring about shoulders the burden of a great misfortune. To this misfortune we call the cross, although we are not Catholic because they are too strong and too many centuries the idea of the cross is engraved in our thinking. , Catholic and secular bear or bear the burden of a misfortune, shedding blood and tears trying not to collapse. This tells the Crucified. He tells everyone, not just Catholics. [Natalia Ginzburg (1916-1991) March 25, 1988 wrote in the newspaper L'Unità, an article entitled "Do not remove this Crucified. "A comment on this issue and article appeared on CulturaCattolica.it in 2003 by Vitaliano Mattioli]. 1: So like Italy and Germany, the Nazi-Fascists had in them a seed of self-destruction, much like today's Europe has in itself a deeper and more dangerous outbreak of self-destruction .... ________ Documentary Appendix From: http://www.avvenire.it/ Crosses, Bertone: "Europe leaves us only the pumpkins' "I say that the Europe of the third millennium, we leave only the pumpkins festivals recently repeated and takes away the symbols more expensive. This is truly a loss", said the Vatican secretary of state, Cardinal. Tarcisio Bertone about dela ruling in Strasbourg. "Our reaction - he added - can only be of condemnation" and "now we must try with all their might to keep the signs of our faith for believers and nonbelievers." "We have heard many voices - said the Cardinal - and the echo of the pain of those who feel a bit betrayed his roots in his thinking that this religious symbol is a symbol of universal love, not of exclusion but of acceptance. I believe this both the experience of all. " "I say unfortunately - added Bertone who took part in a press conference at the hospital the Infant Jesus - that the Europe of the third millennium, we leave only the pumpkins festivals recently repeated before the first of November and it remains the most cherished symbols" . The Cardinal also "all our cities, our streets, our homes, schools" have religious symbols like the crucifix and then asked, "we must remove all the crosses?" I think of all the works of art that have the cross and the Pieta, I wonder if this is a sign of what is reasonable or not. " The secretary then told reporters the State had not yet heard the views of the Pope on the subject. "I'll see tomorrow," he said. THE RULING OF THE COURT Gianluca Cazzaniga The European Court of Human Rights has issued an interim award yesterday against Italy for the presence of crucifixes in classrooms was found to be a violation of both the religious freedom of children of the right of parents to educate their children in light of their beliefs. In the Court of Strasbourg Italy had violated Article 2, Protocol 1 (right to education) and Article 9 (freedom of thought, conscience and religion) of the Convention on Human Rights. The judges of the Court had already issued a number of rulings concerning the right to education and religious freedom, but this is the first concerning the presence of religious symbols in schools. A chamber composed of seven judges of the Second Chamber of the Court, including the Italian Vladimiro Zagrebelsky, unanimously condemned the Italian government to pay compensation of 5 thousand euros for moral damages to an Italian citizen who raised the case. For now this is an interim award and Judge Nicholas milk, which defends Italy to the Court in Strasbourg has already ruled that the government wants to request a referral to the Grand Chamber of the Court to reopen the game. If the action of the government had not upheld, the sentence passed yesterday would become final after three months. So it's up to the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to decide, within six months, what actions the Italian government should take in order to avoid further violations related to the presence of crucifixes in classrooms. The case landed in Strasbourg comes from legal battle started years ago by Soile Lautso, an Italian citizen of Finnish origin, married to a professional Padua and mother of two children. In 2002 the two boys attended the school administration, "Vittorino da Feltre" in Abano Terme. In classrooms, as it has for centuries in every school in our country, there was a crucifix hanging behind the chair. Mrs. Lautso convinced on the basis of some kind of theory that the presence of a Christian symbol in the class were opposed to the secularism so dear to her - or maybe it's secularism - went to school to protest, citing an opinion from the Supreme Court in 2000 , that the presence of crucifixes in the polling booths would be contrary to the principle of state secularism. In May 2002 the principal of "Vittorino da Feltre" decided to leave the crucifixes in the classrooms. Approach also recommended following a directive from the Ministry of Education. Not satisfied, Mrs. Lautso decided to appeal to the TAR of Veneto, in January of 2004 postponed the case to the Constitutional Court to determine whether the presence of crucifixes in classrooms was in accordance or not with the principles enshrined in the Italian Constitution. In March 2005 the High Court rejected the demands raised by the stubborn Italian-Finnish, judging that the crucifix is both a symbol of history and Italian culture and therefore of national identity, is the symbol of the principles of equality, freedom , tolerance. And the secular state. Even the State Council in February 2006, rejected the appeal by Soile Lautso. Yesterday, however, completely ignoring the pronouncements of the Italian courts, the Strasbourg court ruled in favor of Mrs. Lautso. "The presence of the crucifix, which is impossible to miss in the classroom, could be easily interpreted by students of all ages as a religious symbol," reads the statement issued by the European Court of Human Rights. "This could be encouraging for the students religious, but at the same time could disturb the students atheists or those who practice other religions, especially if they belonged to minorities." The judges (including the Italian Zagrebelsky). The seven authors of the judges ruling are: Francoise Tulkens (Belgium, President), Vladimiro Zagrebelsky (Italy), Ireneu Cabral Barreto (Portugal), Danute Jociene (Lithuania), Dragoljub Popovic (Serbia), Andras Sajo (Hungary), and Isil Karakas (Turkey). by Orlando metozzi | ||
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shame of Rwanda, the dirty war of the media In one hand the machete, the other a radio batteries. It's the way it was in Rwanda. At least 937 thousand people hacked to death in the slaughter of a hundred days. With the state radio to act as the soundtrack of a genocide that the West did not want to see. "Without a firearm, machete or other objects, you have caused the deaths of thousands of innocent civilians." So then the judge Navanathem Pilay introduced the verdict in the international media Rwandans, for the first time in history, found guilty of genocide like the organizers and perpetrators of the Holocaust African materials. "By leveraging the media (especially radio, in a country where around 66 percent of the population were illiterate and lived in rural areas, where no other media could easily be), the perpetrators of the genocide were able to make something of the carnage to speak out without shame. " The observation of the scholar is Fonju Ndemesah Cameroon Fausta, who has just published in Italy The radio and the machete. The role of media in the genocide in Rwanda (Infinito edizioni, pp. 144, euro 12). "Using the language spoken throughout the country, Kinyarwanda, eabusando the great respect that the Rwandans had to the information given by radio important, genocidari - explains Ndemesah Fausta - produced a world where the thought genocidario was the norm, both for victims and for the murderers. " In 1994 the system had the government broadcaster Radio Rwanda and nine magazines. Single item were free were the newspapers of the Catholic Church, Kinyamateka and Dialogue, led by white fathers. It was in 1980 that Father Sylvio Sindambiwe, director of the monthly Kinyamateka, criticizing government policy. Pressures and threats followed. Not everyone in the Church stood to the side. On 28 December 1985 Sindambiwe left the office. Two years after he died in an accident never clarified. The battles of journalists Catholics but not stopped. It was precisely the editors of Kinyamateka to pick the first items of hatred. "In 1988 André Sibomana, a degree in journalism at the Catholic University of Lyons, was appointed director. Taking advantage of the protection of the Catholic Church - reconstructs Fonju Ndemesah Fausta - began to harshly criticize the policy of the government asking for more freedom. " Shortly after he was arrested along with three other journalists, released only after heavy international pressure. It was then that the newspaper was born Kanguro pro. The intentions were clear from the start: "The voice that seeks to awaken and guide the people most," was written under the header. The "most people" was the Hutu ethnic group. In his number to the start of December 1990 Kanguro published "The Ten Commandments of the Hutu." The first: "The Tutsis have a thirst for blood and power. They want to impose their hegemony on the people of Rwanda with guns and swords. " And the last: 'The Hutu must not have more pity for the Tutsi. " Four years later really happen. Meanwhile, the sowers of hatred decided to take the decisive step. The opening of a radio that speaks the local dialect. Become the oracle of the building. "Journalists of Rtlm - explains the researcher Cameroon - knowing that the majority of Rwandans were Catholic, upload their messages of symbols of the Christian religion." They talked of the Tutsis as "brothers who have not learned how to build, they do not understand nothing but destruction." And then manipulated biblical citations to hit enemies. The extermination, according to the UN was "planned and carefully prepared by an organized group of extremists dell'etnia of Bantu Hutu. The start signal was the attack of 6 April 1994 against the plane on which traveled the then Rwandan president, Juvénal Habyarimana and his Burundian counterpart Cyprien Ntaryamira. Less than thirty minutes later, and before that President Habyarimana - considered by an extremist Hutu moderate - was dead unleashed massacres. In just one hundred days were killed, according to local authorities, nearly one million people. The Hutu militias became genuine war machines. Attack in raids across the country, systematic rapes and massacres. The international community, traumatized by the defeat of the UN mission in Somalia the previous year, watched without intervening. Most of the press according to the author of La radio and the machete confronted the issue using the usual stereotypes of backward and barbaric. Only May 16, for the first time appeared in newspapers the word 'genocide'. It was not the merits of a journalistic intuition. The day before, while the leaders of world powers were competing to not to be dragged into a potential African Viet Nam, Karol Wojtyla during the Regina Coeli was the first to use eight words that will change the world the way we look at the events of those days: "This is a true genocide." But this news on the radio of Rwanda not the never passed. In Excavation | ||
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Pius XII, which is truth That there has been bad historical consciousness on Pius XII, more goes on the debate more apparent, for this reason in defense of Pius XII, the fast essay edited by Giovanni Maria Vian moves the question: for the historian is not important now explain so rather than the unfounded proceedings devoted to this Pope, but because the legend was born black Pope Pacelli who wants nothing less than "the Pope to Hitler." The book, published by Marsilio, was presented in Rome in the presence of authors who have offered their help and the Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, which is unfair "for a bad conscience reduce historical stature of a Pope Pius XII, for acts that he has done and the vision he had of the Church, in the corner so narrow for his alleged silence. To Giovanni Maria Vian, historian and director dell'Osservatore Romano, the overthrow of the image of Pope Pacelli is explained in two ways: for its anti-choice and opposed to being created by his successor, John XXIII, who was not Pope transition that everyone had believed. "The question of the silence of the Pope - Vian says - has become predominant, often turned into fierce controversy. So the interminable war on her silence has come to overshadow the objective relevant za-a pontificate important and decisive step in after the tragedy of war to a new world. " The bad conscience has even (whether this is an unusual element in this complex) a birth date that corresponds with the staging of drama quell'indigesto Rolf Hochhuth, Der Stellvertreter (The Vicar), which, after Berlin, it was put on stage in Europe. In the Sixties, however, is also a cultural fashion - Roberto Pertici says - 'a thousand quotes can be called progressive. At stake was not Pope Pius XII - he explains - but the role of the Church in contemporary history, so the misunderstandings created by the bad conscience needed to put a list everything that was promoted progress in another and, instead, that and those that would have prevented. " The game is done, and the whispers became shouts. "None known - continues Pertici - that Stalin once mentions the Jews and the extermination, but the rest of western historiography of the postwar period had preferred to devote himself to silence the Pope and the acquiescent attitude of Western democracies." Paolo Mieli (co-aut****d with Saul Israel, Andrea Riccardi, Rino Fisichella, Gianfranco Ravasi, and Tarcisio Bertone of the book also reviews of Benedict XVI) discusses this issue in his brief essay, "Take good for the accusations against Pacelli - he says - the equivalent of drag on the chassis of the presumed guilty, with the same heads of charge, Roosevelt and Churchill, accusing them of not having spoken words more clearly against anti-Semitic persecution. Mieli has Jewish blood in his veins and is said directly affected by the Shoah for the families who lost in the persecution and extermination in the Nazi, but adds with strong conviction: "I'm not there to put my dead on behalf of a person other than has responsibility. " The historian, after the emotion, he adds: "The Church began to provide the Israelites herself almost every church, every church, every seminar, hosted every convent and help the Jews. In fact, in Rome, in front of two thousand Jews deported, ten thousand their co-managed a save. " Like Saul Israel, born in Thessaloniki, biologist, physician and writer who won the Italian citizenship in 1919 and which was then privately with the racial laws. Israel died in 1981, his son George in the book has offered a novel is a letter written in 1941 when, with other Jews, had found refuge in the convent of Sant'Antonio in via Merulana. And so we saved her life. It is a page struggente. "There was a convent or the act of mercy on a few - said George Israel - and no one can think that all this solidarity that gave churches and monasteries were to happen without the Pope or even without his consent. The one on Pius XII remains the most absurd myth that has circulated. Like his father, so many were saved because of the choice of Pius XII that - Tarcisio Bertone says - 'quell'atteggiamento chose not to fear or complicity, but a precise calculation, designed to save the life of the greatest possible number of Jews " . Bertone has urged historians to study all the documents of Vatican when Eugenio Pacelli was Secretary of State to Pius XI. Help - waiting to make public even those that go from 1939 to 1945 - to understand how and why one can be born bad historical consciousness. It would do well to open their archives, including all those who possess them. | ||
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handycap is not a misfortune, but a precious gift of GOD OUR FATHER. Cottolengo, other than "monsters deformed" kept alive excessive Porta Palazzo, Turin seems an casba, a Middle Eastern market rolling chador, reminders of vociante Maghreb. Then turn right and you are in front of the para Cottolengo with its imposing facade interminable. The road is silent-sa. Caritas Christi urget nos, is carved on entry, the charity of Christ urges us. Enter. Under the linden trees secular seems to be in a different city. 112 thousand square meters of halls, 3000 meals a day, a canteen for the poor, a school of nursing, a cloistered monastery, the seminary, hospital, and then the homes for disabled and elderly in all over six hundred beds. A city, really. Please forward to the avenues in a bustle of nuns in white dress - there are over six hundred here - and guests who walk slowly, claudicanti, or wheelchair. The instinctive reaction of the visitor is of concern - that when you try to see pictures from near the pain. Moreover, an aura of mystery weighed a time on this Little House of Providence. "Over there are the monsters," they said in Turin. It says the rest, sull'Espresso, Giorgio Bocca, who wrote of "a cult of life at all costs, leaving perplexed visitors pious institution of Cottolengo where keep alive beings and monstrous deformities. So who enters imagines a pain in the draft. The beautiful tree-lined streets, but behind those windows? Don Carmine Arica, Head of Pastoral Care of the House, is a pugliese come here for over twenty years. Will lead us to the wards, in an endless maze of corridors and rooms and underground, where it makes you see, a man in wheelchair can go anywhere without encountering a step, and that the year of foundation of the house for 150 years before the laws on 'disabilities'. That priest, St. Joseph Cottolengo, we had thought. Steps to the hospital with surgeries crowded, you can again, towards the church. Here go the way of the sisters becomes more intense. At the expiry time come and go the sisters that alternate throughout the day in the laus perennis. There is always someone in this church, praying. Sentinel-le, which s'alternano to watch. Why pray, said the founder, is' the first job '. When he needed new structures, founded a new monastery cloister. Almost as real as was the founding pray. Singular logic, thinks to himself, the visitor of 2009, eyes accustomed to anything, but we would say, judging from this prodigious home by 1832, that works. And we came to the Saints innocent, the department of 'monsters' on the popular legend. Ti-122 shelters, most severely disabled. Macrocephaly now dead from massive head, guests here are almost all disabled elderly people, average age 65 years (since you have the ultrasound, some children are rarely in the world. We identify, and are eliminated). Saints innocent to the hospital are divided into ten 'families', each with its own home. Large rooms lumi-nose, smell clean. Some visitor walks and responds to the greeting of nurses with a gesture of family practice. One, still young, slender, a stump instead of a hand, a nun all'abbraccio first responds with a shake of the spastic upper body, then they are quietly in his arms. The hospital here, even the most visibly affected by a disability that cloud our eyes or make uncertain the movement of hands, they work. Working with a meaning and a purpose, to Cottolengo is considered essential for humans. Then in the afternoon you will find women at the tables of laboratories, slowly trying to assemble pieces of toys. O, the most skillful, crochet work, with hands that polished precision plot pizzi processed. A law to open a notebook: 'VII93XC2P', and the whole page is full of abstruse formulas, written by hand. It is the order of the points of the lace, says the nun, and remain amazed to contemplate the workings of those hands. Beautiful, worthy of an altar, the pieces fi-niti. Women recognize Don Carmine, the smile. It seems a banquet of old country trying to ancient feminine mysteries. Where, you ask, the burning pain who fear into these rooms? The women seem happy in their work, in an affectionate familiarity with the assistants. Perhaps the problem with these people, you ask, is more in the eyes of those who look at them? Why we must be efficient, independent, capable, and then there seems a poor thing, the hard work of your fingers to assemble a box of pencils. But they, the women of the Holy innocents, you say: 'This I have done, and I am happy. We have made an hour to sort the crayons. But here, don Carmine says, "the time is at the service of men, and men do not serve the time." Cabinets full of games to fit for children. Banchi caked in years of paint. The pictures of people with disabilities seem to works of the Impressionists, gaudy, tracimanti color. A large sheet hung on the wall is all black: the guests have painted like this. to recount the death. Another is an explosion of light that says she is, in their view, the Paradise. Go ahead and talk less, and remains absorbed in watching. Certainly, in trembling hands, eyes lost in the recognition as a bend of life under the yoke of an old conviction. A wound dark, original, and in these women is evident. "Where the wound is larger, the demand is highest. These people are like a cry, a stronger demand for Christ, "says Don Carmine, sensing what you are asking. (Perhaps for this reason, for this application range from the obvious suffering, today malformed children are being removed?) No, there are no creatures' half horse and half man 'here to Cottolengo, as imaged once in the countries of the Torinese. But only men with a 'less', which in the eyes of healthy is unbearable. (And it might leave them here under false pretenses. They brought for a visit and abandoning them, because that was shame diversity among healthy). But Angela, deaf, dumb and blind, gets up shooting nell'avvertire the voice of a priest friend, to grab his hands, he started an intense discussion of gestures that the sister who is the next - big, kind, motherly - understands. Replied. Laugh with each other. Besides the mask, go, bring us healthy, we glimpse what is really inside a man. In addition to every appearance. "You see - says Don Arica - this garden, as is well cared for. The windows in front are those of people with Alzheimer's disease. Here, this garden so the care of the sick because everyone who is watching it for us an infinite value. " It is a concept of very large, which holds that grow houses and rooms by 170 years in the heart of Turin. When a canon was fourth in front of the scandal of injustice and pain, a sick pregnant woman and rejected by two hospitals and left to die in a stable. Don Giuseppe Cottolengo changed life. His houses were born one after another, without a draft, responding to daily needs. The money, if necessary, arrived. It showed clearly, almost in an echo of what the Manzoni in those years he wrote, that "there's, Providence. Segregated the sick, the poor 'monsters' and love to go down, go into the house. Today, new poor are pushing at the gates of the citadel behind Porta Palazzo. Dementia old, left alone in empty houses: the new emergency, are old. The Small House is in the heart of Turin Duemila, crossroads of a thousand ethnic groups, as a sign. John Paul II said here: "If you do not start from this acceptance of others, he is still present, recognizing in him a true and even blurred of Christ can not be said to truly love." Another love. Another logic, than in the newspapers write | ||
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Galileo occasion failed or successful lesson? The condemnation of Galileo could not happen in a less propitious moment, the last two generations have in fact witnessed an unprecedented cultural revolution, which the Catholic Church had been the promoter and the speaker. In 1582 had brought the papacy to the world the reform of the calendar: it was thus demonstrated the expertise of astronomers Catholics. The Gregorian calendar (Pope Gregory XIII) was wonderful work of research and developed mathematics upheld by the Church, especially the Jesuit fathers of the Roman College. Remains as a permanent monument of the Catholic Counter Reformation. The interlocutors met by Galileo in Rome - who had celebrated with many honors - were convinced that they have taught the time had endowed the world with a timetable 'for ever', with the most accurate (and almost perfect) measure of the time. The Protestant powers had rejected such a reform, which made manifest in their eyes as the papal Rome was the seat of the Antichrist, the new Babylon, who wanted to replace God in the time domain by deleting the date of Easter determined by the Council of Nicea and subtracting ten days to the duration of the world, thus anticipating the reign of the Antichrist. The reform of the calendar was the sign of the dominant driving competence of scientists Catholics. But it was inserted in a series of measures decided by the Council of Trent to increase the training of the clergy - more workshops created by the bishops, colleges of Jesuits and other orders and congregations, academies: Rome had multiplied the institutions of teaching and research with an educational force that would be the response to reforms of the Protestant university (just remember to Melanchthon, "the preceptor of Germany"). Many religious were involved in scientific research and exchange experimental data, astronomical observations, documents, pay the "market letters" of the Respublica litteraria. Counter at the beginning of the Church has sought to equip itself disciplinary educational and suitable for combat and to block the extension of the reform movement. This policy has proved fruitful, and has contributed to most of the Catholic reconquest (mainly in southern Germany and central Europe). For their part, the Roman pontiffs have emerged as patrons of the sciences and arts, at a level never equaled. Galileo was among the luminaries of this science Catholic, was celebrated by the Jesuits and Romans enjoyed friendship of so many cardinals, among whom Maffeo Barberini (Pope Urban VIII from 1623 to 1644). T he researchers have reconstructed the grounds of his conviction: they are of a political, diplomatic, disciplinary (not having obeyed the so-called "order of 1616" not to publish anything sull'eliocentrismo), staff (he had lost the confidence of the pope). The doctrinal dimension of the crime is low, and the courts have not insisted on this aspect. The 'case' has not raised theological debates, it was for the contemporaries of a disciplinary case. Especially as the decrees of Roman congregations were received into the Catholic majority, where the kingdoms (Spain, France, the Holy Empire) and many others (Venice) were very jealous of their independence from the Roman decisions: Index not viget was the watchword of the majority of Catholic countries. Yet the damage from the ruling of 1633 have been substantial: it is consumed in the break between the Church and the vision modern scientific world. It has been said that the condemnation of Fénelon, in 1699, had been "the sunset of the mystics" (Louis Cognet), in the same way, the condemnation of Galileo has been the decline of Catholic science. The sequelae of the decree has been extended far beyond the mere fact of a mass all'Indice. Modern science has since then often developed without the Church, often against her. The coup pulled in the field of cosmology has many collateral victims in philological and historical criticism and in the field dell'erudizione. The modernism of the early twentieth century, whose shadow has covered the Catholic intellectual history for half a century, seems a distant but genuine following of the 1632 conviction. It is clear that Galileo Galilei remains a hero for scomodo of zealous secularist scientism, it was not a metaphysical and, despite the evidence against his Church, it was a good Christian. Arthur Koestler pointed out the weaknesses of the great man: did not invent the telescope or the microscope or the isochronous pendulum, was wrong in several fields (oil), could not detect the sunspots and could not prove Copernicanism. Yet, he was the father of the dynamics - and this is enough to be considered among the fathers of the new science. His sentencing has not justified the martyr of clerical obscurantism and the symbol of the autonomy of scientific thought. The Orthodox Churches have long been anti-Copernican, the great Protestant reformers were opposed all'eliocentrismo. Unfortunately, the Galileo case has remained as a stain for single Catholic and poisoned relations between the Church and science for two centuries. In vain the sentence was deleted, the Church has sought to reconcile with contemporary science (just remember the Augustinian abbot Gregor Mendel or, in the last century, the Belgian Georges Lemaître canon), called the Nobel prizes to the Vatican "(you recalls the beautiful book by Regis Ladous), has encouraged the scientific institutions (Specola the Vatican, the Pontifical Academy): it will take several generations, and the efforts of so many deserving popes (such as Pius XI and Pius XII), to fully reconcile the Church and modern science and mending their relationship, without ever completely remove the suspicion of opportunism (partly verified in Roman circles, around the figure of Teilhard de Chardin). Yet despite the damage, we can not give an appropriate assessment Galileo entirely negative. It can be argued also that this conviction has been fatal in fact very useful in the history of thought and doctrinal teaching of the Catholic Church. The memory of the conviction and its sequelae has left a track marked a very cautious attitude towards any opinion about the new scientific theories. It has fulfilled a clear distinction between the order of truth and those invented by engineer human. Maybe the reason is the fear of wrong again, it does not want to open a 'new case Galileo', or the conviction of the different levels of science and revelation. The two books, one of the Scriptures and that of Nature (to propose a family since the Middle Ages, the Western mind) require un'ermeneutica different, with the various rules and their reading can not be mixed. Evolutionism, opposed by the American fundamentalist churches, has not been convicted. Always attentive to the moral standards and respect for human dignity, the Roman pontiffs have received with interest and good progress in genetics, neuroscience, the major thesis of cosmology. The new scientific data are taught in Catholic schools, for half a century, there is an index, and Sigmund Freud was not anatematizzato ... L 'Opening of the Holy Office, ordered by the pope, has revealed a very concerned of the internal and conscious of its weakness in controlling the intellectual production. Galileo was too well known to the Romans environments (and curial) and his' disobedience 'too much license to remain unharmed. But the Church has taken advantage of the case: this was bankrupt at a profitable lesson, which has facilitated the upgrade in the twentieth century Catholic against the new scientific horizons. * Professor of History of religious ideas in modern science and at the Ecole pratique des hautes études at the Sorbonne Jean-Robert Armogathe * | ||
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The Muslim countries are more important or ¬ ever implemented for decades in an effort to bring ¬ sure of that with the tech ¬ gia and Western science, and not at random ¬ te is nothing more dear to Israel for maintaining a superior scientific and technology in relation to ¬ overcome any and all Muslim countries ¬ se. But Muslims can not ignore the fact that neither science nor the technology (they really need to take advantage of the ro ¬ vast petroleum resources) have been produced by Muslims ¬ te, although this did not cause great embarrassment to the typical Muslim intellectual , which prefers to emphasize the ¬ buso of science done by the West, at the cross ¬ its use as a tool for co ¬ lonizzazione and economic domination. From this point of view the reaction of the modern Hindu is very different. Some of them, neh ¬ ru it was an example, have tried to find the reasons why science is not born in the land ¬ ro. They do not find anything better (and this is similar to the Chinese by two gene ¬ ration under the Marxist indoctrination) of ¬ the democratic state that dawn was follow ¬ ta from a feudal system of production. Both the Hindus that the Chinese should read carefully ¬ mind their ancient texts, both sacred to us ¬ philosophers, to realize the emptiness of such scu ¬ se. All these writings testify to a vision ¬ ne of the world where organic and pantheist ¬ tut to repeated cycles are driven by and was strange volition. The same was the case for an ¬ Tichi Babylonians and Egyptians and even the ancient Greeks. Pastime for those who imagine the different course of history should consider a scenario that begins with a Hindu or a Copernico Newton Chinese. These and similar scenarios can be assumed for all the cultures of antiquity, but especially for the Hindus and Chinese, the only ones to survive in times such as mo ¬ Derna political powers first large Dezza ¬. The case of Muslim civilization is diver ¬ so, partly because, in comparison with other cultures is a little above 'a new arrival on the stage of history. It is also impor ¬ te, note that in the Koran there is a co ¬ smologia that, even if partly animist, is not cyclical. The Koran is totally aligned with the biblical vision of the cosmos co ¬ me something that started with the creation of everything, and that is proceeding in a straight line towards a consummation absolute, whose coming ¬ nothing can stop you. As the vision of the world bi ¬ Republic, the vision of the Muslim world has its best performance in an arrow, so different from a circle, not to mention ¬ the swastika, the symbol of classic cyclical vision ¬ ne of the world in most of ancient cultures. An arrow is a straight linear process that does not deviate from its course. Now if it is stated that such a model co ¬ smologico has encouraged the emergence of Christian Science to the West, then there is the do ¬ tion because the Muslims there are not reaching ¬ tives before quell'Occidente? [...] This is not to say that no Muslim has ever experimented. Experi-ments made in medicine, especially nell'oftal ¬ mologia. The Arab merchants soon discovered the benefits of the Hindu decimal system, that the accident Oc ¬ learned through Arab channels. The mu ¬ sulmani eagerly cultivated Ptolemaic astronomy, which implied a good knowl ¬ edge of advanced forms of geometry clidea ¬ eu. The use of epicycles, however, did not allow to go beyond a certain preci ¬ sion in the detection of motion of the planets. Na ¬ of course, with regard to astrology, which was based on the prediction of the positions of the planets, the precision of astronomy to ¬ lemaica was more than enough. But to be able ot ¬ take control of things in motion on Ter ¬ ra, quell'astronomia was not much help. U ¬ na genuine science of the laws of motion it was and here ¬ cessaria Muslim scholars failed despite being very close to their goal. To understand this you must know that the science of movement is one that can be built on the three laws of motion which are for the first time but with ¬ in the Principia of Newton. But the first and most important of these, the law of inertia ¬ was formulated centuries before Newton. Even the wording of another law, to which every action is a reaction, pre ¬ cedes Newton of about 60 years, having been for ¬ Mulata for the first time by Descartes. Cartesio still suspected that the law of mo ¬ inertial to have medieval origins, but did not give credit to anyone. Newton himself and ¬ ra inclined to give credit for something to Descartes, whose name he removed from his manuscripts. Newton did not know almost nothing about medieval prejudice that had built the magnificent cathedrals. It would be very much surprised to learn in ¬ the ¬ medieval building had also to the foundations of his physics. Because the law of force, made by Newton, ¬ is conceivable without the law of inertial motion. Newton would have been equally surprised if ¬ vessie knew that was a famous Muslim medieval ¬ hand, Avicenna, to conceive for pri ¬ way the law of inertia, but not perceive the importance, as if he had worn the pa ¬ raocchi. Her blinders were founded ¬ mental laws of Aristotelian cosmology that Avi ¬ mention, being a pantheist in the bottom of the heart and a Muslim only in appearance, ¬ goes completely agree. According to the Aristotelian pantheism and the universe ¬ ra divinely perfect, so round and in a perpetual circular motion. As a cer ¬ mark does not contain a point different from the others, not a circular motion evokes an absolute point of departure. Imprisoned from this there ¬ sion of the world Avicenna could not find in it an invitation to apply his idea to inertial mo ¬. Thus the Muslim world lost its golden opportunity to get to pri ¬ mo to make a physical that would allow ¬ put control of the physical world. Stanley L. Jaki The Muslim countries are more important or ¬ ever implemented for decades in an effort to bring ¬ sure of that with the tech ¬ gia and Western science, and not at random ¬ te is nothing more dear to Israel for maintaining a superior scientific and technology in relation to ¬ overcome any and all Muslim countries ¬ se. But Muslims can not ignore the fact that neither science nor the technology (they really need to take advantage of the ro ¬ vast petroleum resources) have been produced by Muslims ¬ te, although this did not cause great embarrassment to the typical Muslim intellectual , which prefers to emphasize the ¬ buso of science done by the West, at the cross ¬ its use as a tool for co ¬ lonizzazione and economic domination. From this point of view the reaction of the modern Hindu is very different. Some of them, neh ¬ ru it was an example, have tried to find the reasons why science is not born in the land ¬ ro. They do not find anything better (and this is similar to the Chinese by two gene ¬ ration under the Marxist indoctrination) of ¬ the democratic state that dawn was follow ¬ ta from a feudal system of production. Both the Hindus that the Chinese should read carefully ¬ mind their ancient texts, both sacred to us ¬ philosophers, to realize the emptiness of such scu ¬ se. All these writings testify to a vision ¬ ne of the world where organic and pantheist ¬ tut to repeated cycles are driven by and was strange volition. The same was the case for an ¬ Tichi Babylonians and Egyptians and even the ancient Greeks. Pastime for those who imagine the different course of history should consider a scenario that begins with a Hindu or a Copernico Newton Chinese. These and similar scenarios can be assumed for all the cultures of antiquity, but especially for the Hindus and Chinese, the only ones to survive in times such as mo ¬ Derna political powers first large Dezza ¬. The case of Muslim civilization is diver ¬ so, partly because, in comparison with other cultures is a little above 'a new arrival on the stage of history. It is also impor ¬ te, note that in the Koran there is a co ¬ smologia that, even if partly animist, is not cyclical. The Koran is totally aligned with the biblical vision of the cosmos co ¬ me something that started with the creation of everything, and that is proceeding in a straight line towards a consummation absolute, whose coming ¬ nothing can stop you. As the vision of the world bi ¬ Republic, the vision of the Muslim world has its best performance in an arrow, so different from a circle, not to mention ¬ the swastika, the symbol of classic cyclical vision ¬ ne of the world in most of ancient cultures. An arrow is a straight linear process that does not deviate from its course. Now if it is stated that such a model co ¬ smologico has encouraged the emergence of Christian Science to the West, then there is the do ¬ tion because the Muslims there are not reaching ¬ tives before quell'Occidente? [...] This is not to say that no Muslim has ever experimented. Experi-ments made in medicine, especially nell'oftal ¬ mologia. The Arab merchants soon discovered the benefits of the Hindu decimal system, that the accident Oc ¬ learned through Arab channels. The mu ¬ sulmani eagerly cultivated Ptolemaic astronomy, which implied a good knowl ¬ edge of advanced forms of geometry clidea ¬ eu. The use of epicycles, however, did not allow to go beyond a certain preci ¬ sion in the detection of motion of the planets. Na ¬ of course, with regard to astrology, which was based on the prediction of the positions of the planets, the precision of astronomy to ¬ lemaica was more than enough. But to be able ot ¬ take control of things in motion on Ter ¬ ra, quell'astronomia was not much help. U ¬ na genuine science of the laws of motion it was and here ¬ cessaria Muslim scholars failed despite being very close to their goal. To understand this you must know that the science of movement is one that can be built on the three laws of motion which are for the first time but with ¬ in the Principia of Newton. But the first and most important of these, the law of inertia ¬ was formulated centuries before Newton. Even the wording of another law, to which every action is a reaction, pre ¬ cedes Newton of about 60 years, having been for ¬ Mulata for the first time by Descartes. Cartesio still suspected that the law of mo ¬ inertial to have medieval origins, but did not give credit to anyone. Newton himself and ¬ ra inclined to give credit for something to Descartes, whose name he removed from his manuscripts. Newton did not know almost nothing about medieval prejudice that had built the magnificent cathedrals. It would be very much surprised to learn in ¬ the ¬ medieval building had also to the foundations of his physics. Because the law of force, made by Newton, ¬ is conceivable without the law of inertial motion. Newton would have been equally surprised if ¬ vessie knew that was a famous Muslim medieval ¬ hand, Avicenna, to conceive for pri ¬ way the law of inertia, but not perceive the importance, as if he had worn the pa ¬ raocchi. Her blinders were founded ¬ mental laws of Aristotelian cosmology that Avi ¬ mention, being a pantheist in the bottom of the heart and a Muslim only in appearance, ¬ goes completely agree. According to the Aristotelian pantheism and the universe ¬ ra divinely perfect, so round and in a perpetual circular motion. As a cer ¬ mark does not contain a point different from the others, not a circular motion evokes an absolute point of departure. Imprisoned from this there ¬ sion of the world Avicenna could not find in it an invitation to apply his idea to inertial mo ¬. Thus the Muslim world lost its golden opportunity to get to pri ¬ mo to make a physical that would allow ¬ put control of the physical world. Stanley L. Jaki | ||
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Macché Enlightenment, Plato was a totalitarian The two volumes of The open society and its enemies first appeared in December 1973 and the second in January of 1974. And the reception by Italian dell'intellighenzia policy of Popper is another sad story. The work was not criticized at one point or another and with scientific arguments, but it essentially was ignored or, or, more often than not, covered with insults, what could ever teach to the many owners of models of society perfect, truth incontrovertible and inescapable meaning of the story a "reactionary" as Popper, a "McCarthyism," the defender of Western capitalist society? In 'Plato's totalitarian' of Popper are against antiquity also known as Italian Margherita Isnardi Parente, Giovanni Reale and Vegetti Mario, who is back on last Friday on The Republic, presenting his new book A paradigm in heaven (Carocci). Starting from Aristotle to the present day, states Vegetti, the tradition of liberal thought with great decision has dismissed the political project of Plato. Vegetti points out that "in Plato Popper saw the absolute primacy of the individual State, and, within the state itself, the delivery of an absolute power to a minority who proclaimed custodian of an absolute knowledge, whose methods and whose But the fundamentals could not be made publicly clear: what we can provide, said Popper, who this minority (of philosophers in Plato, but perhaps also of leaders of parties such as Jacobean, Nazi or communist) does not exercise a de facto dictatorship subtracted to any democratic control? ". In the face of such attacks continues Vegetti, the defenders of Plato have been divided into two groups. On one side are those who, by liberal-democratic positions, have argued that the utopian project proposed by Plato in the Republic should not be taken literally. Unlike the supporters of liberal-democratic positions, "the supporters of socialist and communist thought, as Pohlmann, saw in Plato a precursor to this tradition. There have been, finally, in the twenties and thirties of this century, use of Plato in the fascist and Nazi and they appreciated the primacy doubt that Plato assigns to the State, whose interests in relation to the freedom and individual rights are of secondary importance. " Well, what is to be noted is that, in the opinion of Vegetti, 'Plato believes that the construction of the company described in the Republic is difficult but not impossible. This is a "possible world" which must be designed, desired and, if the circumstances are favorable, built, an ethical and political duty. " Now, however - is to ask Vegetti - if the political project of Plato is not an intellectual game, a dream, a castle on the clouds, but it is an attempt to transform the real world in a world created and led by a patrol of philosophers who know what is good and that, accordingly, will be gobbled up by the zeal - the right and duty - to impose this well at all costs, through which topics such a project will stand out from a totalitarian conception of political power? "Plato was the Judas of Socrates and the Republic was for him not only capital, but also his Mein Kampf" - Gilbert Ryle thus summed in 1948 on "Mind" popperiana the interpretation of Plato. In 1951 a student of Plato as Richard Robinson wrote: "Popper argues that Plato has perverted the teachings of Socrates. Plato, according to Popper, is a force in politics perniciosissima, while Socrates is a force extremely beneficial. " Even in 1959 Popper says, "My opinion is that Plato was the greatest of all philosophers is hardly changed. But great men can commit great mistakes', the big mistake of Plato was that he encouraged "the perennial attack on freedom and reason." Another hard and well argued - though less well known - the attack on Plato had formulated in 1937 Alfred Hoernlé. The claim of the dictators of his time, in the opinion of Hoernlé, was that of being the philosophers-re: "Men with a Weltanschauung with a plan for the spiritual salvation of their peoples, with an explicit theory about what is good for their people, even for humanity, men who justify themselves for a brutal use of force, the ruthlessness in shaping the subject according to the standard of their ideals and crush any opposition, and this precisely in view of the property that they trying to achieve, not a personal benefit but rather for the benefit of the peoples they govern. " The philosophers-kings of Plato, continues Hoernlé, govern with absolute authority: "They do not consult the people, are not elected by the people, can not be removed by the people, no, to use the language of parliamentary democracies," responsible "before the people. Son a body that autoperpetua recruiting their members through co-optation among younger men and women whose education has been controlled by them for about three decades, men and women who have shaped them and made a test, more harshly than the iron is shown on the fire, as the same Plato. Well, Hoernlé concludes, "the philosophers-kings and their auxiliaries (the two highest classes in the State of Plato) are substantially similar to the modern dictator and loyal, disciplined Partei (both the Communist Party in Russia, the Fascist Party in Italy or the Nazi party in Germany), through which dominates the dictator. " Dario Antiseri | ||
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